Use of flexible budgets to analyse performance
Use of flexible budgets to analyse performance
Flexible budgets are dynamic financial plans that adjust according to changes in activity levels, providing a powerful tool for performance analysis in diverse business environments. Unlike static budgets, which remain fixed regardless of variations in production or sales volumes, flexible budgets adapt to actual activity levels, offering a more realistic and insightful performance assessment.
Components of a Flexible Budget:
A flexible budget comprises variable and fixed components tailored to reflect the inherent variability in business activities. Understanding these components is essential for comprehending how flexible budgets contribute to performance analysis.
Variable Costs:
Variable costs fluctuate proportionally with changes in activity levels. Common examples include direct materials, direct Labor, and variable Overhead. In a flexible budget, variable costs are expressed as a variable cost per unit of activity (e.g., per unit produced or sold). This allows for a direct correlation between prices and the level of business activity.
Fixed Costs:
Fixed costs remain constant within a particular activity range. Examples include rent, salaries of permanent staff, and insurance premiums. In a flexible budget, fixed costs are expressed as a total fixed cost for a specific range of activities. Fixed costs do not change per unit of activity but remain stable within a defined range.
Activity Levels:
The key to a flexible budget’s adaptability is incorporating various activity levels. These levels could be units produced, units sold, machine hours, or any relevant metric, depending on the nature of the business. Companies can assess performance more accurately by adjusting the budget based on actual activity.
Benefits of Flexible Budgets in Performance Analysis:
Accurate Performance Evaluation:
Flexible budgets provide a more accurate performance evaluation by aligning with the actual activity level. This ensures realistic expectations, allowing for a fair comparison between planned and actual results. The adaptability of flexible budgets accommodates fluctuations in demand and production, making them invaluable for businesses with variable operating conditions.
Enhanced Decision-Making:
Flexible budgets empower management with insights into how changes in activity levels impact financial performance. This aids in making informed decisions, such as adjusting production levels, optimizing resource allocation, or revising sales strategies based on real-time data. The ability to assess the financial implications of alternative scenarios contributes to strategic decision-making.
Variance Analysis:
Variance analysis, a crucial performance evaluation component, becomes more insightful with flexible budgets. Variances are discrepancies between planned and actual results, and flexible budgets enable a detailed breakdown of these variances into flexible budget variances and sales volume variances. This level of granularity facilitates pinpointing the specific drivers behind deviations from the plan.
Resource Optimization:
Flexible budgets enable businesses to optimize resource allocation by adapting to changes in activity levels. Whether it’s Labor, materials, or Overhead, understanding how these resources align with actual production or sales volumes is instrumental in avoiding underutilization or overutilization, thereby enhancing operational efficiency.
Scenario Planning:
Flexible budgets facilitate scenario planning by allowing businesses to model different activity levels and assess their financial impact. This is particularly valuable in uncertain business environments, enabling organizations to plan for various contingencies and make proactive decisions to mitigate risks or capitalize on opportunities.
Example: Applying Flexible Budgets in Manufacturing:
Consider a manufacturing company that produces widgets. The static budget for the upcoming quarter is based on the production of 10,000 units, with the following assumptions:
- Variable Costs per Unit:
- Direct Materials: $10
- Direct Labor: $5
- Variable Overhead: $3
- Fixed Costs:
- Fixed Manufacturing Overhead: $20,000
The static budget, therefore, is as follows:
| Cost elements | Unit cost | # of units | Total costs |
| Direct material | $10.00 | 10000 | $100,000.00 |
| Direct labor | $5.00 | 10000 | $50,000.00 |
| Variable overhead | $3.00 | 10000 | $30,000.00 |
| Fixed Manufacturing Overhead: | $20,000.00 | ||
| Total costs | $200,000.00 |
Unit cost = $ 200,000 / 10,000 = $ 20.00
Now, assume that the quarter’s actual production and sales volumes were 12,000 units. A flexible budget would adjust variable costs and, consequently, the contribution margin based on this new activity level.
Flexible Budget Calculation:
| Cost elements | Unit cost | # of units | Total costs |
| Direct material | $10.00 | 12000 | $120,000.00 |
| Direct labor | $5.00 | 12000 | $60,000.00 |
| Variable overhead | $3.00 | 12000 | $36,000.00 |
| Fixed Manufacturing Overhead: | $20,000.00 | ||
| Total costs | $236,000.00 |
Unit cost = $ 236,000 / 12,000 = $ 19.66
Variance Analysis:
- Sales Volume Variance: The difference between the actual units sold (12,000) and the budgeted units (10,000) results in a favorable sales volume variance as more units were sold.
By incorporating a flexible budget, the company can precisely analyze the impact of the change in activity levels on its financial performance. This information is instrumental for making adjustments in subsequent quarters, optimizing resource allocation, and aligning future budgets with realistic expectations.
key takeaways
- Flexible Budget Components: Comprising variable and fixed costs tailored to actual activity levels, flexible budgets offer a dynamic financial plan.
- Accurate Performance Evaluation: Adaptable to real-world variations, flexible budgets ensure a fair comparison between planned and actual results, enhancing accuracy in performance evaluation.
- Enhanced Decision-Making: Empowering management with insights into the financial implications of changing activity levels and flexible budgets aids informed decision-making for resource optimization and strategic adjustments.
- Variance Analysis Insight: Flexible budgets provide detailed insights into variances, enabling a granular breakdown and identification of specific drivers behind deviations from the plan.
- Resource Optimization and Scenario Planning: Businesses can optimize resource allocation and conduct scenario planning by modeling different activity levels, fostering operational efficiency and proactive decision-making.
